The journal is governed by an editorial board whose members specialize in each of the mentioned disciplines. The editor in chief is elected by the members of the editorial board.
Every effort has been made to trace the owners of copyright materials used in its issues. We shall be pleased to hear from any copyright holder whom we have inadvertently missed to acknowledge. If notified, the editorial board of the journal will rectify any errors or omissions in the subsequent issue.
All data and information presented in each of the articles in this issue reflect the stance and point of view of the corresponding authors. Hence, accountability, both legal and ethical, rests solely with them.
Guide to the Contributors
I. Submission of the Manuscript
As part of the submission process, author/s are required to read the Guide to the Contributors and adhere to the submission’s compliance.
Only full-text article that is research- or quasi-research-based will be accepted. This must contain an original, extensive study in the different areas of discipline and describes new and carefully confirmed findings.
Articles must be submitted as an e-mail attachment to the editor in chief at journaleic@dlsud.edu.ph.
Accepted articles written in Filipino will be translated into English. Both the Filipino and English versions will be published.
It is understood that the article submitted to this journal has not been published previously (except in the form of an abstract or as part of published lecture) and that it is not being evaluated for publication in another journal.
The article submitted for publication should have been read and approved by all of the authors. Hence, a certificate of declaration, indicating the corresponding contribution of each author must be signed by all authors before the article will be accepted for review. A Certificate of Declaration form is available on-line.
To be named as an author, the researcher(s) must have a substantial contribution to the study and should be able to take responsibility for the result of the research. Articles published in this Journal represent the opinions of the author(s) and should not be construed to reflect the opinions of the Editor(s) and the Publisher.
The article should not exceed 6,000 words of double-spaced typescript including Tables and Figures/Maps/Illustrations, and the like.
An article that does not conform to the style guide of this journal will not be accepted for review.
II. Editorial and Review Process
All articles are reviewed by the editor, members of the Editorial Board, and qualified referees.
Decisions will be made as soon as possible. The journal strives to forward reviewers’ comments to author/s within 4 weeks.
The editorial board follows a double-blind refereeing process in reviewing the articles.
Submission of revised articles to the Editorial Board must be done not later than two weeks from the time of receipt of the evaluated paper. Failure of the author to resubmit the article on time may lead to the rejection or re-evaluation of the paper.
Corrected proofs will be given to the author/s for final review. It is expected that only minor revisions will be made by the corresponding author. If there are major revisions, the paper will be re-evaluated. This may cause the delay or even refusal of publication.
III. Preparation of the Body of the Manuscript
Title. It should be a brief phrase describing the contents of the paper.
The Title Page should include the title of the article, the authors’ full name, affiliations, e-mail addresses, and the name of the corresponding author along with phone, fax, and e-mail information. This page also includes the Running Head. This is the abridged version of the title which appears at the right side of every page.
Succeeding pages should contain these sections, following the same order as they are presented below.
Abstract. It should (a) be informative and clear, (b) briefly present the topic, (c) state the research study’s scope, (d) show significant data, and (e) state major findings and conclusions. Also, the abstract should be 200 words or less, should be written in the past tense, should use standard nomenclature, should not contain abbreviations, and should not cite any literature.
Key words. These follow the abstract with about 5-7 words that will provide reference indexing.
Introduction. It should clearly state the problem, cite important literature on the subject, and explain the proposed solution. The background of the study, objectives, and framework must be explained and incorporated in this section. This should be written in text form, without tables or graphs. It should be understandable to colleagues from a broad range of scientific disciplines.
Methods. This should describe the research design and the data collection techniques (including the sampling method). This must be complete enough to allow possible replication of the same procedure.
Only new procedures should be described in detail. Methods that were published before must be cited. If modifications in the procedure were done, all modifications must be briefly explained. Subheadings for each distinct method or procedure must be used.
Trade names used in equipment and materials should be mentioned only in the method section. The symbol ® may be included when appropriate. The generic or common name should be used in the text with the full chemical name in parentheses at first mention.
Products and equipment should be identified by chemical or generic names or descriptions. When the product or equipment was essential to the outcome of experiment, the proprietary or brand name, and name and address(es) of manufacturer should be written in parenthesis, e.g., Latex agglutination Test (LAT) KIT, BIOKIT S.A. Manufacturing Company, Barcelona, Spain.
If necessary, it must be mentioned that informed consent from adult participants and from parents/legal guardians of minors has been obtained and ethical standards for human experimentation have been followed. Likewise, the approval of study protocol and the approving body must be mentioned.
Papers describing experiments on isolated tissues must indicate the procedure in acquiring the donor tissues. Anesthetic and surgical procedures must be fully explained. This section must also state all possible proof that animal suffering throughout the experiment was avoided by conducting necessary procedures in treating animal subjects.
In experimental study with animals, it must be mentioned that the maintenance and care of the animals comply with the guidelines of an institution or organization/agency authorized for use of animals in research.
All statistical procedures if needed, including methods of analysis, should be identified. The number of replicates and subsamples and statistical tests should be stated. The statistical terms must be italicized.
Results and Discussion. These should be clearly and precisely presented, so these can include subheadings. The past tense must be used in stating the findings of the study. The findings that are supported with data must be explained.
While results and discussion are merged as one section, all results must be presented first with their interpretation before the discussion is presented. Hence, the discussion must provide the overall interpretation of findings and their significance in view of the results obtained in this and in past studies on this topic. Previously published findings should be written in the present tense.
The discussion section and not the results section must contain the speculation and detailed interpretation and discussion of data.
The conclusions should be stated in few sentences at the end of the paper and should be in the present tense. There should be no further explanation of results when stating the conclusions. Recommendations, when appropriate, should also be presented in this section.
Acknowledgment. This must be short and objective, added to the end of the article, and should only include individuals or institutions that contributed to the study.
References: Authors are responsible for ensuring that the information in each reference is complete and accurate. Only published references will be accepted in referencing.
In-text citation
This must be presented with the last name of the author/s and the year of publication enclosed in parentheses. The name of the author/s and the year of publication must not be separated by a comma.
In case of multiple authors, the ampersand should be used before the name of the last author; et al. must be used if there are more than two authors to be cited.
If what is to be cited is directly quoted, the page number of the reference material must be included in the citation appearing in the last part and is separated from the name and year of publication by a comma.
Personal communications (chats, interviews, letters, emails) must be included in the in-text but not cited in the end-of-text-citation. following this format: (Name of the person, personal communication, date).
Any person cited as a source of personal communications should have approved such citation. A formal authorization may be required at the editor’s discretion.
End-of-text citation
This should be arranged alphabetically. The names of authors must appear surname first followed by their first and middle name initials without periods.
In case of multiple authors, ampersand must be used before the name of the last author. After five authors, et al. must be used.
The names shall be followed by the year of publication enclosed in parentheses followed by a period.
The journal’s and book’s title must be italicized and must end with a period.
The following details are outlined for writing the references used in the article.
1. Books and Monographs
1.1 Personal Authors
In-text citation: Schott and Priest (2002) reported that…
The report revealed that 30% of the population … (Schott & Priest 2002)
End-of- text citation:
Schott J & Priest J. (2002). Leading antenatal classes: A practical guide. 2nd ed. Boston (MA): Books for Midwives.
1.2 Corporate Authors
In-text citation: The citation-sequence system (CSE 2006) was…
End-of-text citation:
[CSE] Council of Science Editors, Style Manual Committee. (2006). Scientific style and format: The CSE manual
for authors, editors and publishers 7th ed. Reston (VA): The Council.
1.3 Section, selective pages or chapter in book
End-of-text citation:
Lautamatti L. (1987). Observations on the development of the topic of simplified discourse. In: Connor U & Kaplan RB,
editors. Writing across languages: Analysis of L2 texts. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Inc.
pp. 87-114.
2. Journals
2.1 Standard journal article
In-text citation: Some countries recognize the importance of export as a foreign exchange key source (Lall 2000) that …
End-of- text citation:
Lall S. (2000). The Technological Structure and Performance of developing Country Manufactured Exports, 1995-1998.
Oxford Development studies. 28(3): 337-69.
2.2 Corporate author of article
In-text citation: Emergency department guidelines on thoracotomy (ACS 2001)…
End-of- text citation:
[ACS] American College of Surgeons, Committee on Trauma, Ad Hoc Subcommittee on Outcomes, Working Group. (2001).
Practice management guidelines for emergency department thoracotomy. Journal of American College of Surgeons.
193(3):303-309.
2.3 Articles with the same author(s)
In-text citation: Abbott’s studies on sequence methods (1990; 1995) have shown that…
End-of- text citation:
Abbott A. (1990). A primer on sequence methods. Organization Science, 1: 375–392.
Abbott A. (1995). Sequence-analysis—New methods for old ideas. In: Hagan J & Cook K (Eds.). Annual review of sociology.
21: 93–113. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews.
2.4 Articles with same author(s) and published in the same year
In-text citation: Cold hardiness in cereals (Andrews 1960a; 1960b) is affected by…
End-of- text citation:
Andrews JE. (1960a). Cold hardiness of sprouting wheat as affected by duration of hardening and hardening temperature.
Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 40(1):93-102.
Andrews JE. (1960b). Cold hardening and cold hardiness of young winter rye seedlings as affected by stage of development
and temperature. Canadian Journal of Botany. 38(3):353-363.
2.6 Articles with more than five authors
In-text citation: …a study on students’ interpretation of the words computer and information and communication technology in five countries (Jan et al.. 2010) established that…
End-of- text citation:
Elen J, Clarebout G, Sarfo F, Louw LP, Pöysä-Tarhonen J, et al. H'Computer' and 'Information and Communication Technology’:
Students’ culture specific interpretationsH. Journal of Educational Technology & Society. 13(4): 227-239.
3. For Electronic Sources
3.1 Identifiable Author
In-text citation: …(Morris 1999)
End-of- text citation:
Morris C. (modified 1999 March 25). Academic Press dictionary of science and technology [Internet]. Orlando (FL); Harcourt, Inc.;
[retrieved March 28 2001], from: http//www.harcourt.com/dictionary/
3.2 World Wide Web: Article in electronic journal
In-text citation: …(Savage et al. 2005)
End-of- text citation:
Savage E, Ramsay M, White J, Beard S, & Lawson H. (2005). Mumps outbreaks across England and Wales in 2004: observational
study. Bio Medical Journal [Internet]. [cited 2005 May 31]; 330(7500):1119-1120. Available from: HUhttp:// bmj.bmjjournals.
com /cgi/ reprint /330/7500/1119UH doi:10.1136/ bmj.330.7500.1119.
IV. Writing Style and Format
Font: Times Roman, font size (point) 12
Spacing and Margins: double-spaced on short (210 x 297 mm, 8”X11”) bond paper, with margins of 2.54 cm (1 inch) on all sides.
Pages: must be numbered (starting from title page) consecutively, including tables, figures, plates, and the like. Page entry at the bottom right of each page should indicate also the total number of pages (Page 1 of 10 pages).
Content details
1. Paragraphs. These should be justified and double-spaced. Sentences should be separated by one space. The first sentence in the paragraph is indented.
2. Scientific names should be italicized.
3. Measurements. The SI of measurement should be used. Authors should use the solidus
presentation (mg/ml).
4. Abbreviations and Acronyms. Only standard abbreviations should be used. Authors must explain each scientific abbreviation at its first occurrence in their paper. Acronyms are to be spelled out first and then enclosed in parenthesis at first mention [e.g., Brain Tissue Homogenate (BTH)]. Standard abbreviations (such as ATP and DNA) need not be defined.
5. Number, Fractions, and Other Mathematical Expressions. Numbers should be written in words if these appear at the start of the sentence.
Decimals, instead of fractions, should be used in the text, tables, and illustrations except when used as part of a mathematical proof.
Ordinal numbers and cardinal numbers should be treated in the same way, for example, 2nd, 23rd, 157th.
Percentages are written as numerals followed by the percent sign with no space between them. (e.g. 10.6%).
Numbers from one to nine should be written in full, e.g., one, two…nine, except when used in measurement, e.g., 1.0 ml. Numbers over nine within the sentence should be written in Arabic numerals, e.g., 10, 200, 9,000.
6. Tables and Figures. Tables and figures should fit the working area for the text of the journal.
They should conform to the journal’s page size and style. They should be self-explanatory without reference to the text. The same data should not be presented in both table and graph form or repeated in the text.
Preparation of Tables and Figures
Table. Each table should be on a separate page, numbered consecutively in Arabic numerals, presented only with horizontal grids, and supplied with a heading and a legend. The horizontal grid must only be used to separate the major headings, and not the individual data.
All necessary information should be preferably presented in the heading and without a period at the end. It should be introduced in the text before they are presented.
There should be no abbreviations in the Table. If abbreviations are deemed necessary, they should be spelled out in the legends or footnotes. A maximum of three footnotes is allowed in the table.
It should be comprehensible, which means that the reader need not refer to the main body of the text to understand the contents of a table.
It should contain only the essential data. They should be presented in Word Table format, flush left, sentence style and typewritten on separate pages after the references section.
Figure. It should be typed in numerical order on a separate sheet. Graphics should be prepared and rendered in high resolution GIF, TIFF or JPEG file (must also be submitted as separate files with the manuscript) before pasting in the Microsoft Word manuscript file. Include sufficient description so that the figure is understandable without reading the text of the manuscript.
Figure should be mentioned in numerical sequence. Each is numbered with an Arabic number, and sentence style is used for the caption (without a period at the end).
7. Photographs/maps/illustrations or drawings/architecture plans/designs
Photographs/maps/illustrations or drawings/architecture plans/designs should be of a professional quality and ready for reproduction. They should be original and clear.
Photographs. Photocopies of photographs and figure drawings will not be accepted.
Pictures taken from the microscopes (photomicrographs) should include level of magnification, and measurement. Preferably a bar denoting scale of measure (, e.g., bar=10μm) must be used.
Maps. These should be drawn in scale following the Graham’s method of presentation. Architectural drawings should likewise follow the Graham’s method of presentation. Engineering drawings/illustrations should follow the engineering scaling for such. All drawings should be presented using AutoCAD.
Illustrations. All illustrations should be accompanied by captions typed on a separate sheet. Line drawings of maps and flow charts should be neatly drawn. Extremely small type (use 10 points or bigger), fine-grained stippling or faint shading should be avoided because these may result in the loss of contrast and detail in printing.
9. Labeling. Captions and legends should be printed at the bottom of each illustrations/photographs/maps/figures.
Captions for the Table must be written above the Table, while the legends/source notes are written at the bottom.
V. Copyright
Submission of articles implies that if and when the articles are accepted for publication, copyrights for articles are retained by the authors. A copyright form which is available on-line, must be filled out by the author/s.