Oil Price and Sectoral Greenhouse Gas Emission in the Philippines: Mediating Effect of Economic Development and Energy Consumption

Maria Angela R. Dela Cruz and Alice T. Valerio

De La Salle University – Dasmariñas^, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite, Philippines

ABSTRACT

The Philippines, highly dependent on oil and vulnerable to climate change, is amongst the most susceptible to oil price changes in Asia. However, limited research examines the relationship between oil prices and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the country. This study applies linear and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag analyses to total and sectoral GHG emissions from 1990 to 2021, incorporating mediation analysis to assess the roles of gross national income (GNI) and renewable energy consumption (REC). Key findings highlight distinct short- and long-run effects. In the short run, oil prices symmetrically increase emissions in the building, other fuel combustion (OFC), and land-use change and forestry sectors. Long-term effects reveal a linear negative impact on emissions from these sectors but a positive impact on agriculture. Additionally, asymmetric responses emerge, with positive oil price changes reducing emissions in OFC but increasing them in the fugitive sector. Mediation analysis reveals that economic development and energy consumption significantly influence oil price-emission dynamics. Indirect effects largely mirror direct trends, with most sectors responding symmetrically to oil price changes, except for the waste sector, which exhibits asymmetric responses. The results reveal that implementing emissions pricing for oil in the Philippines is not suitable, instead, promoting REC through grants, subsidies, or tax incentives is a more effective approach.

Keywords: ARDL model; greenhouse gas emissions; NARDL model; oil price; renewable energy consumption; Philippines

Cite this Article:

Dela Cruz, M.A.R. & Valerio, A.T. (2025). Oil Price and Sectoral Greenhouse Gas Emission in the Philippines: Mediating Effect of Economic Development and Energy Consumption. Lasallian Journal of Business and Tourism, 3(2).

Determinants of Carbon Footprints in Urban and Rural Households in Iloilo, Philippines

Glaiza Joy O. Vasquez and Alice T. Valerio

De La Salle University – Dasmariñas, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite,  Philippines

ABSTRACT

Household carbon footprints (HCF) represent a substantial share of total emissions, yet they remain insufficiently examined in developing countries, particularly where urban and rural consumption patterns differ significantly. In the Philippines, rising per capita emissions further underscore the importance of analyzing household-level contributors. This study addresses these gaps by examining HCF in Iloilo, a province marked by socioeconomic and infrastructural differences that offer a valuable context for evaluating consumption-based emissions.

The study investigates key socioeconomic and behavioral determinants of HCF among 400 households, equally distributed between urban and rural areas. Variables assessed include household size, income, gender composition, education level, appliance and vehicle ownership, lot size, and food consumption habits. Data were collected through mixed-mode surveys and analyzed using both Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and quantile regression models to capture general patterns and variations across different emission levels.

Results reveal that monthly income and meat consumption consistently drive increases in carbon emissions across both settings. Notably, rural households exhibited higher average carbon footprints than urban households, influenced by inefficient energy use and heavier reliance on private transportation. At higher emission percentiles, income loses significance, suggesting that elevated emissions stem more from lifestyle and consumption behaviors than from wealth alone. Higher education levels corresponded with lower emissions, highlighting the role of environmental awareness. These findings point to the need for targeted policies promoting energy efficiency, sustainable consumption, environmental education, and the adoption of green technologies, especially in rural communities.

Keywords: household carbon footprint, urban-rural emissions, socioeconomic determinants, quantile regression, Philippines

Cite this Article:

Vasquez, G.J.O. & Valerio, A.T. (2025). Determinants of Carbon Footprints in Urban and Rural Households in Iloilo, Philippines. Lasallian Journal of Business and Tourism, 3(2).

Social Media Recruitment and Hiring Outcomes in National Capital Region Industries: The Moderating Role of Firm Characteristics

Anna Patricia B. Agoncillo and Leo D. Manansala

College of Professional and Graduate Studies, De La Salle University – Dasmariñas, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite, Philippines

ABSTRACT

This study examines the influence of social media recruitment (SMR) on hiring effectiveness (HE) and hiring quality (HQ) in Philippine organizations, with attention to the moderating role of firm characteristics. Guided by Social Impact Theory, Person–Organization Fit Theory, and the Technology Acceptance Model, the study investigates how digital platforms support hiring outcomes and how organizational factors shape these effects. A quantitative cross-sectional design was employed, and data were collected from 349 HR professionals in the National Capital Region. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) using SmartPLS 4 was applied. Results indicate that SMR has a significant and meaningful effect on both HE (β = 0.767, p < .001) and HQ (β = 0.486, p < .001), contributing to greater recruitment efficiency, broader applicant reach, and incremental improvements in applicant quality. Model performance showed adequate explanatory power (R² = 0.54 for HE; R² = 0.26 for HQ), with acceptable predictive relevance (Q² = 0.32 and 0.22). Moderation analyses revealed that firm size moderated the SMR–HE relationship (β = –0.001, p < .001), suggesting stronger gains for smaller firms, while recruitment budget moderated the SMR–HQ link (β = 0.000, p < .05), indicating enhanced quality benefits with greater financial investment. HR size and general resource availability did not yield significant moderating effects. Overall, results highlight the importance of aligning SMR strategies with organizational context to optimize hiring outcomes.
 

Keywords: Firm Characteristics, Hiring Effectiveness, Hiring Quality, Social Media Recruitment, Workforce Planning

Cite this Article:

Agoncillo, A.P.B. & Valerio, A.T. (2025). Social Media Recruitment and Hiring Outcomes in National Capital Region Industries: The Moderating Role of Firm Characteristics. Lasallian Journal of Business and Tourism, 3(2).

Mediating Role of Technological Innovation in Foreign Direct Investment – Green Growth Nexus: Evidence from ASEAN

Kevin Roy B. David,  Romano Angelico T. Ebron,  and Alice T. Valerio

De La Salle University – Dasmariñas, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite,  Philippines

ABSTRACT

As investment-led growth accelerates across ASEAN countries, environmental degradation has become a pressing issue. Green growth has emerged as one of the key definitive solutions, aiming to harmonize economic development and ecological sustainability. This study explores how technological innovation mediates the impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on green growth across selected ASEAN countries from 1990 to 2021 using panel data approach. The research contributes to existing literature by focusing on the role of innovation in advancing sustainable development through foreign investment. Data was sourced from OECD and World Bank databases, with analysis conducted using Random Effects Model, VECM, VAR, Granger Causality, and Sobel-Goodman Mediation Analysis. Findings confirm long-run cointegration between FDI and carbon emissions. FDI significantly affects energy productivity and CO2 emissions, with a 1% rise in FDI linked to increases in total emissions and per capita emissions, but a decrease in CO2 emissions as a share of GDP (PPP-adjusted). VECM results show positive long-run relationship between CO2 per capita in the Philippines and Indonesia, but a negative effect in Malaysia. All countries exhibit a negative long-run link between FDI and CO2 emissions as a share of GDP. Granger Causality tests reveal various causal patterns, with FDI and emissions influencing each other differently across countries. Technological innovation positively mediates the FDI–green growth link, highlighting the value of innovation-led investment in advancing sustainable development in ASEAN. These findings highlight the significance of sustained investment in innovation-driven FDI, which strengthens energy efficiency and promotes long-term sustainable development across the ASEAN region.

Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Green Growth, Technological Innovation, ASEAN, Energy Productivity, Sustainable Development, Mediation Analysis

Cite this Article:

David, K.R.B., Ebron, A.T., & Valerio, A.T. (2025). Mediating Role of Technological Innovation in Foreign Direct Investment – Green Growth Nexus: Evidence from ASEAN. Lasallian Journal of Business and Tourism, 3(2).

LASALLIAN JOURNAL OF BUSINESS AND TOURISM

The Lasallian Journal of Business & Tourism (LJBT) aims to publish quality, up-to-date, and real-world researches that are useful for stakeholders in business and tourism. The journal welcomes researches that will contribute to the knowledge, solving problems, developing and testing theories through empirical, conceptual, and integrative reviews using various research methodologies. 

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